Abstract Objective: Summarize the effects of interventions designed to promote physical activity during elementary school recess in children between 5 and 10 years old. Effective school interventions for children can promote physical activity and healthy behaviors. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Bireme, SciELO, Web of Science, PsychINFO, Proquest, Physical Education Index, Sports Discus, and Eric databases were included in the data search. Original intervention articles on physical activity that used regression methods, published between 2000 and 2019 in English, Portuguese and Spanish were analyzed. Analyses were performed in 2019. Outcomes were organized according to the direction of the association by independent variables. Ten articles were considered eligible for data extraction and evaluation. Results: Several strategies were used including playground markings, demarcation of physical activities zones, group activities, availability of sports equipment and facilities. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States. Recess periods ranged from 20-94 min per day and intervention time ranged from 6 weeks to 2 years. Recess duration and intervention effects were positively associated with physical activity. Gender (girls) and age (oldest) were negatively associated with physical activity during recess. Conclusions: Interventions based on modifications of school environment such as playground markings demarcation of physical activities zones, group activities, availability of sports equipment and facilities are cheap and cost-effective for increasing physical activity in school recess.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a associação entre o contexto da aula e o comportamento do professor com o nível de atividade física (AF) de escolares dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental durante aulas de educação física (EF). Foram avaliadas 18 aulas de EF de seis escolas. O contexto da aula e o comportamento do professor foram avaliados por meio de observação sistemática (SOFIT) enquanto o nível de AF dos escolares foi mensurado por acelerometria. Os dados foram tratados pela estatística descritiva e apresentados como proporção do tempo da aula em comportamento sedentário e nos diferentes níveis de AF. A associação entre contexto da aula e comportamento do professor com os diferentes níveis de AF foi testada pela regressão logística binária. Os escolares passaram mais tempo durante a aula de EF em AFs de intensidade leve (40,8%) e vigorosa (40,9%). A proporção do tempo da aula destinado aos contextos jogo estruturado (35,8%), prática de habilidades (23,2%) e gerenciamento (21,7%) representou 80,7% to tempo total. Os comportamentos mais frequentes do professor foram: instruções gerais (45,5%), gerenciamento (28,7%) e observando (18,3%). Verificou-se que a proporção do tempo dos escolares em comportamento sedentário e nos diferentes níveis de AF durante a aula de EF variaram de acordo com o contexto da aula e o comportamento do professor.

ABSTRACT This study aimed at evaluating the association between class context and the teacher’s behavior with the physical activity (PA) level of Elementary School students during Physical Education (PE) classes. Eighteen PE classes from six schools were assessed. Class context and the teacher’s behavior were measured based on systematic observation, that is, by using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT), whereas the students' PA level was measured with accelerometry. Data were treated with descriptive statistics and shown as the percentage of the class time spent in sedentary behavior and at different PA levels. The association between class context and the teacher’s behavior with different PA levels was assessed by applying binary logistic regression. The percentage of students with regard to the structured games (35.8%), skill practice (23.2%) and management (21.7%) represented 80.7% of PE class total time. General instructions (45.5%), management (28.7%) and observation (18.3%) were the most frequent teacher’s types of behavior seen. It was found that the percentage of time students spent in sedentary behavior and at different PA levels during PE classes varied according to the class context and the teachers' behavior.

RESUMO: Introdução: A prática de deslocamento ativo para a escola pode ser uma maneira de aumentar a atividade física entre os adolescentes, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre o ambiente no entorno das escolas, bem como a distância até a escola pode afetar esse comportamento. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre as características do ambiente no entorno da escola, a distância da residência e o deslocamento ativo de adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. Métodos: Quatrocentos e noventa e três adolescentes foram entrevistados e 124 escolas foram avaliadas. As variáveis do estudo incluíram as características de acessibilidade no entorno da escola por observação sistemática e a distância da residência até a escola por Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Resultados: A presença de “placas de segurança” (RP = 0,78; IC95% 0,66 - 0,91; p = 0,003) apresentou associação inversa ao deslocamento ativo dos adolescentes, bem como as distâncias 1.500-3.500 m (RP = 0,53; IC95% 0,40 - 0,71; p < 0,001) e ≥ 3.501 m (RP = 0,29; IC95% 0,18 - 0,45; p < 0,001). No geral, o entorno das escolas se mostrou favorável à caminhada. Conclusão: A segurança no trânsito e a distância entre a escola e a residência associaram-se com o deslocamento ativo entre adolescentes do estudo. Políticas que integrem acesso a escolas próximas à residência e segurança no trânsito podem contribuir para o incentivo ao deslocamento ativo até a escola entre adolescentes.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Active commuting to school could help increasing physical activity levels among adolescents. However, there is limited understanding on how the relationship between the environment in school surroundings, as well the distance to school, could affect this behavior. Aim: To analyze the characteristics of the environment and distance between house and school with objective measures and their association with active commuting between adolescents of Curitiba, Brazil. Methods: 493 adolescents were interviewed and 124 schools evaluated. The study variables included the schools’ surroundings accessibility characteristics obtained through systematic observation, and the distance between home to school was determined through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. Results: The presence of “safety signs” was inversely associated with active commuting (PR = 0.78; 95%CI 0.67-0.91; p = 0.003), as well distance 1,501-3,000 m (PR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.40 - 0.71; p < 0.001) and ≥ 3,501 m (PR 0.29; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.45; p < 0.001). Overall, schools’ surroundings showed walking friendly characteristics. Conclusion: Traffic safety and distance to school were associated with active commuting to school among the study participants. Policies aiming at integrating access to school and traffic safety could help to promoting active commuting among adolescents.

RESUMO: Introdução: A prática de deslocamento ativo para a escola pode ser uma maneira de aumentar a atividade física entre os adolescentes, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre o ambiente no entorno das escolas, bem como a distância até a escola pode afetar esse comportamento. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre as características do ambiente no entorno da escola, a distância da residência e o deslocamento ativo de adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. Métodos: Quatrocentos e noventa e três adolescentes foram entrevistados e 124 escolas foram avaliadas. As variáveis do estudo incluíram as características de acessibilidade no entorno da escola por observação sistemática e a distância da residência até a escola por Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Resultados: A presença de “placas de segurança” (RP = 0,78; IC95% 0,66 - 0,91; p = 0,003) apresentou associação inversa ao deslocamento ativo dos adolescentes, bem como as distâncias 1.500-3.500 m (RP = 0,53; IC95% 0,40 - 0,71; p < 0,001) e ≥ 3.501 m (RP = 0,29; IC95% 0,18 - 0,45; p < 0,001). No geral, o entorno das escolas se mostrou favorável à caminhada. Conclusão: A segurança no trânsito e a distância entre a escola e a residência associaram-se com o deslocamento ativo entre adolescentes do estudo. Políticas que integrem acesso a escolas próximas à residência e segurança no trânsito podem contribuir para o incentivo ao deslocamento ativo até a escola entre adolescentes.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Active commuting to school could help increasing physical activity levels among adolescents. However, there is limited understanding on how the relationship between the environment in school surroundings, as well the distance to school, could affect this behavior. Aim: To analyze the characteristics of the environment and distance between house and school with objective measures and their association with active commuting between adolescents of Curitiba, Brazil. Methods: 493 adolescents were interviewed and 124 schools evaluated. The study variables included the schools’ surroundings accessibility characteristics obtained through systematic observation, and the distance between home to school was determined through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data. Results: The presence of “safety signs” was inversely associated with active commuting (PR = 0.78; 95%CI 0.67-0.91; p = 0.003), as well distance 1,501-3,000 m (PR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.40 - 0.71; p < 0.001) and ≥ 3,501 m (PR 0.29; 95%CI 0.18 - 0.45; p < 0.001). Overall, schools’ surroundings showed walking friendly characteristics. Conclusion: Traffic safety and distance to school were associated with active commuting to school among the study participants. Policies aiming at integrating access to school and traffic safety could help to promoting active commuting among adolescents.

RESUMO Introdução Vários estudos sobre as recomendações de atividade física e fatores associados têm sido desenvolvidos e publicados. No entanto, faltam estudos que detalhem os locais para prática de atividade físicas, além da frequência, duração e volume. Objetivo Descrever os locais, tipos, frequência, duração e volume das atividades físicas realizadas por adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado entre 2013-2014, por meio de inquérito domiciliar com 495 adolescentes (12 a 17 anos). Os locais para prática de atividades físicas foram autorrelatados de acordo com a frequência semanal e divididos em “não frequenta” e “frequenta”. A prática de atividade física foi obtida por meio do Questionário de Atividade Física para Adolescentes por tipo, frequência, duração e volume semanal. Os tipos de atividade física foram descritos com a distribuição de frequências, e a frequência, a duração e o volume, pela mediana e amplitude interquartílica. A comparação entre os sexos foi realizada com os testes de Qui-quadrado e U de Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados Os locais mais relatados para a prática foram praças, parques, campos de futebol, escolas e ginásios de esportes. Campos de futebol, escolas, ginásios e pistas de skate foram mais utilizados por meninos, enquanto meninas utilizavam mais as academias (p < 0,05). As atividades físicas mais praticadas foram futebol, skate/patins, ciclismo, caminhada e games ativos. Uma proporção maior de meninos praticavam futebol, skate/patins, ciclismo, corrida/trote e basquete (p<0,05) enquanto as meninas realizavam caminhada, passeio com cães, dança, jogos e brincadeiras e ginástica de academia (p < 0,05). Os esportes (720 min/semana), exercícios aeróbicos (400 min/semana) e de condicionamento (345 min/semana) foram as atividades com maior volume semanal. Os meninos apresentaram maior frequência, duração e volume de prática de esportes e games ativos do que as meninas (p < 0,05). Conclusão Locais públicos e com estruturas foram os mais utilizados e atividades esportivas as mais praticadas. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de pacientes não consecutivos; sem padrão de referência “ouro” aplicado uniformemente.

ABSTRACT Introduction Various studies have been developed and published in relation to the recommendations for physical activity and associated factors. However, there is a lack of studies that detail the places where physical activity is practiced, as well as its frequency, duration and volume. Objective To describe the places, types, frequency, duration and volume of physical activities performed by adolescents in Curitiba, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in 2013-2014, through a household survey with 495 adolescents (12 to 17 years). The places used, and the frequencies of the practice of physical activity were self-reported as either “goes” or “does not go.” The practice of physical activity was determined through the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents, by type, frequency, duration and weekly volume. The types of physical activity were described with frequency distribution, weekly frequency, duration, and volume, by the median and interquartile range. Gender comparison was tested with the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0.05). Results The most frequently reported places for physical activity were public squares, parks, soccer fields, schools and sports halls. Soccer fields, schools, sports halls and skate parks were more used by boys, while girls attended gyms (p<0.05). The physical activities most practiced were soccer, skating/rollerblading, cycling, walking and active games. A higher proportion of boys practiced soccer, skating/rollerblading, cycling, running/jogging, and basketball (p<0.05), whereas the physical activities most practiced by girls were walking, walking the dog, dancing, playing games, and gyms (p<0.05). Sports (720 min/week), aerobic exercises (400 min/week) and conditioning exercises (345 min/week) were the activities with the highest weekly volume. Boys showed higher weekly frequency, duration and volume of practice of sports and active games than girls (p<0.05). Conclusion Public places with structures were the most used places, and sports were the most practiced activities. Level of Evidence III; Study of nonconsecutive patients; without consistently applied ‘‘gold’’ reference standard.

RESUMEN Introducción Varios estudios sobre las recomendaciones de actividad física y factores asociados han sido desarrollados y publicados. Sin embargo, faltan estudios que detallan los lugares para la práctica actividad física, además de la frecuencia, la duración y el volumen. Objetivo Describir los lugares, tipos, frecuencia, duración y volumen de las actividades físicas realizadas por adolescentes de Curitiba, Brasil. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado entre 2013 y 2014, por medio de encuesta domiciliar con 495 adolescentes (12 a 17 años). Los locales para la práctica de actividades físicas fueron auto-relatados de acuerdo con la frecuencia semanal y divididos en “No frecuenta” y “frecuenta”. La práctica de actividad física fue obtenida por medio del Cuestionario de Actividad Física para Adolescentes por tipo, frecuencia, duración y volumen semanal. Los tipos de actividad física fueron descritos con la distribución de frecuencias y la frecuencia semanal, la duración y el volumen, por la mediana y la amplitud interquartílica. La comparación entre los sexos se realizó con Qui-cuadrado y U de Mann-Whitney (p < 0,05). Resultados Los lugares más relatados fueron plazas, parques, campos de fútbol, escuelas y gimnasios de deportes. Los campos de fútbol, escuelas, gimnasios y pistas de skate fueron más utilizados por niños, mientras que las niñas utilizaban más gimnasios (p < 0,05). Las actividades físicas más practicadas fueron fútbol, skate/patines, ciclismo, caminata y juegos electrónicos activos. Una proporción mayor de niños practicaban fútbol, skate/patines, ciclismo, carrera/trote y baloncesto (p < 0,05), mientras las niñas realizaban caminata, pasear con perros, baile, juegos y juguetes y ejercicio en gimnasios (p < 0,05). Los deportes (720 min/semana), ejercicios aeróbicos (400 min/semana) y de acondicionamiento (345 min/semana) fueron las actividades con mayor volumen semanal. Los niños presentaron mayor frecuencia semanal, duración y volumen de práctica de deportes y juegos electrónicos activos que las niñas (p < 0,05). Conclusiones Lugares públicos y con estructuras fueron los más utilizados y las actividades deportivas fueron más practicadas. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de pacientes no consecutivos; sin el estándar de referencia ‘oro’ aplicado constantemente.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the moderator effect of socioeconomic status in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school. METHODS: A total of 495 adolescents and their parents were interviewed. Perceived environment was operationalized in traffic and crime safety and assessed with the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. Active commuting was self-reported by the adolescents, categorized in walking, bicycling or skating at least one time/week. Socioeconomic status was used as moderator effect, reported from adolescents' parents or guardians using Brazilian standardized socioeconomic status classification. Analyses were performed with Poisson regression on Stata 12.0. RESULTS: Prevalence of active commuting was 63%. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status who reported “it is easy to observe pedestrians and cyclists” were more likely to actively commute to school (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.03–1.13). Adolescents with low socioeconomic status whose parents or legal guardians reported positively to “being safe crossing the streets” had increased probability of active commuting to school (PR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01–1.20), as well as those with high socioeconomic status with “perception of crime” were positively associated to the outcome (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.03–1.72). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status showed moderating effects in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the moderator effect of socioeconomic status in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school. METHODS: A total of 495 adolescents and their parents were interviewed. Perceived environment was operationalized in traffic and crime safety and assessed with the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale. Active commuting was self-reported by the adolescents, categorized in walking, bicycling or skating at least one time/week. Socioeconomic status was used as moderator effect, reported from adolescents' parents or guardians using Brazilian standardized socioeconomic status classification. Analyses were performed with Poisson regression on Stata 12.0. RESULTS: Prevalence of active commuting was 63%. Adolescents with low socioeconomic status who reported “it is easy to observe pedestrians and cyclists” were more likely to actively commute to school (PR = 1.18, 95%CI 1.03–1.13). Adolescents with low socioeconomic status whose parents or legal guardians reported positively to “being safe crossing the streets” had increased probability of active commuting to school (PR = 1.10, 95%CI 1.01–1.20), as well as those with high socioeconomic status with “perception of crime” were positively associated to the outcome (PR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.03–1.72). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status showed moderating effects in the association between the perceived environment and active commuting to school.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a contribuição da atividade física (AF) e do tempo sedentário (TS) no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). O estudo foi conduzido em 2009, em Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil com adultos de 18 à 65 anos (n=1.411). Foi aplicado um questionário multidimensional em que o IMC, AF e TS foram obtidos de forma autorreportada. AF e TS foram combinados para determinar as variáveis independentes: a) “ativo e não sedentário”; b) “ativo e sedentário”; c) “não ativo e não sedentário” e d) “não ativo e sedentário”. A regressão logística multinominal foi empregada para testar as associações entre AF, TS e IMC. As análises ajustadas demonstraram que AF, independente do TS, reduz entre 34% e 55% as chances dos participantes serem classificados como obesos. Além disto, praticar ≥150 minutos/semana de AF e não ser sedentário reduziu em 85% as chances dos participantes serem classificados com baixo peso. Por fim, praticar ≥10 minutos/semana de AF, mesmo apresentando TS elevado, reduziu em 37% a chance de classificação em sobrepeso. A prática de AF está associada com IMC independente do TS. Além disto, AF em níveis recomendados tem relação inversa com a obesidade e sobrepeso.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) to Body Mass Index (BMI) in adults. The study was conducted in 2009, in Curitiba, Parana, Brazil with adults aged 18-65 years (1,411). A multidimensional questionnaire was used in which BMI, weekly minutes of PA and ST were obtained from self-reports. PA and ST were combined to determine the following independent variables: a) “active and not sedentary”; b) “active and sedentary”; c) “not active and not sedentary” and d) “not active and sedentary”. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test the associations between PA, ST and BMI. The adjusted regression model showed that PA, regardless of ST, lowered the likelihood of participants being classified as obese by 34% and 55%, respectively. In addition, PA at recommended levels (≥150 minutes/ week), while not being sedentary, lowered by 85% the likelihood of being classified in the underweight category. Finally, ≥10 minutes/week of PA, while reporting higher ST levels, reduced the likelihood of being classified as overweight by 37%. PA is associated with BMI regardless of TS. In addition, PA at recommended levels is inversely related to obesity and overweight.

Resumo Aspectos intrapessoais e interpessoais têm sido amplamente analisados e são aqueles que melhor têm explicado as variações nos níveis de atividade física (AF). O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito moderador da intenção para a prática de AF na associação entre apoio social e os níveis de AF de lazer em universitários de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Foi aplicado um questionário em uma amostra de 349 universitários de um curso de graduação em Educação Física. Foram investigadas as variáveis relacionadas a intenção para a prática de AF, o apoio social (familiares e amigos) e os níveis de AF no lazer. Foi utilizado a regressão de Poisson para testar o possível efeito moderador da intenção para prática de AF na associação entre o apoio social e os níveis de AF no lazer. A intenção para prática de AF não apresentou efeito moderador na AF de lazer. Foi encontrado associação entre o apoio social dos amigos e o cumprimento de ≥150min/sem de AF, independentemente da intenção para a prática de AF (RP: 1,45; IC95%: 1,09–1,93). Neste estudo não foi observado efeito moderador da intenção para prática de AF na associação entre o apoio social e os níveis de AF no lazer.

Abstract Intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects have been widely correlated to variations on the physical activity (PA) levels. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of intention for PA practice on the association between social support and leisure PA levels in a sample of college students from Curitiba, Brazil. A questionnaire was administered in a sample of 349 college students from a Physical Education undergraduate program. The variables intention to PA practice, social support (family and friends) and leisure-time PA were obtained through interviews. Poisson regression was used to test the moderating effect of intention to PA practice on the association between social support and leisure-time PA levels. The intention for PA practice showed no moderating effects on leisure PA. Social support from friends was associated with achieving recommended PA levels (≥150min/week), regardless of intention for PA practice (PR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.09-1.93). In this study, moderating effect of intention for PA practice on the association between social support and leisure-time PA has not been found.